FAQ Section

What is a nephrologist?

A nephrologist is a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney-related diseases, including hypertension and electrolyte imbalances. They undergo additional training beyond internal medicine to manage complex kidney conditions.

While both nephrologists and urologists treat kidney issues, nephrologists focus on medical diseases of the kidneys, such as chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Urologists, on the other hand, address surgical conditions of the urinary tract and male reproductive system.

The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to form urine. They also help regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, stimulate red blood cell production, and support bone health.

The leading causes of CKD are diabetes and high blood pressure. Other factors include heart disease, genetic conditions like polycystic kidney disease, and prolonged urinary tract obstructions

Early stages of kidney disease often present no symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include fatigue, swelling in the legs or face, changes in urination patterns, and high blood pressure.

CKD is typically diagnosed through blood tests measuring creatinine levels to estimate kidney function and urine tests to check for protein or blood, indicating kidney damage.

High blood pressure can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, reducing their ability to filter waste effectively, which may lead to or worsen kidney disease.

You should consult a nephrologist if you have:

Chronic conditions: Such as diabetes or hypertension that can affect kidney health.

Abnormal test results: Indicating reduced kidney function or protein in the urine.

Family history: Of kidney disease.

Symptoms: Such as swelling, fatigue, or changes in urination.

What is cardiology?

Cardiology is a branch of medicine that focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in heart health, managing conditions such as heart attacks, heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension.

A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart and vascular diseases. They perform various diagnostic tests, provide treatments, and offer guidance on preventing heart disease.

A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot, leading to damage or death of the heart muscle. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and discomfort in the upper body.

Cardiologists treat heart disease through lifestyle recommendations, medications, and procedures such as angioplasty or surgery. They tailor treatment plans to each patient's specific condition and needs.

Cholesterol is a fatty substance in the blood that can accumulate in arteries, leading to atherosclerosis. Monitoring and managing cholesterol levels are crucial for heart health.

An echocardiogram is a non-invasive test that uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart, assessing its structure and function. It's commonly used to detect heart conditions such as valve problems, heart failure, and congenital heart defects.

What is orthopaedic medicine?

Orthopaedic medicine focuses on diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders related to the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Orthopaedic doctors manage a wide range of conditions, including: Bone fractures, Joint dislocations, Arthritis, Tendonitis, Bursitis, Ligament injuries (e.g., ACL tears), Carpal tunnel syndrome, Spinal disorders (e.g., herniated discs, scoliosis), Sports injuries.

Consider consulting an orthopaedic doctor if you experience:

  • Persistent pain in muscles, joints, or bones
  • Swelling or bruising around a joint
  • Limited range of motion
  • Difficulty performing daily activities due to musculoskeletal issues

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joints.

To maintain musculoskeletal health:

  • Engage in regular weight-bearing exercises
  • Maintain a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
  • Use proper techniques during physical activities
  • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on joints

An orthopaedic doctor specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal conditions using non-surgical methods. An orthopaedic surgeon is trained to perform surgical procedures when necessary, in addition to providing non-surgical care.

During your initial visit, the orthopaedic doctor will:

  • Review your medical history
  • Conduct a physical examination
  • Possibly order imaging tests (e.g., X-rays, MRI)
  • Discuss a diagnosis and treatment plan
When should I have my first gynecologic visit?

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that individuals have their first gynecologic visit between the ages of 13 and 15. This initial visit often involves a discussion about health, development, and preventive care rather than a physical examination.

Yes, it's common to feel anxious about a gynecologic visit. Sharing your concerns with your healthcare provider can help ease anxiety, as they can explain the procedures and ensure your comfort throughout the exam.

In most cases, there’s no need to reschedule your gynecologic appointment due to menstruation. However, if you’re scheduled for a Pap smear, heavy menstrual bleeding might affect the results. It’s best to consult your healthcare provider for guidance.

Personal grooming preferences are entirely up to you. Healthcare providers are concerned with your health, not your grooming habits, so there's no need to shave or wax before your visit.

Irregular periods can result from various factors, including stress, significant weight changes, excessive exercise, hormonal imbalances, or underlying medical conditions. Consulting a gynecologist can help determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Yes, vaginal discharge is normal and helps keep the vagina clean. However, if the discharge has a strong odor, causes itching, or changes color, it may indicate an infection, and you should consult your healthcare provider.

The frequency of STI testing depends on individual risk factors, such as age, sexual activity, and number of partners. Discussing your sexual history with your gynecologist can help determine an appropriate testing schedule.

What is a pediatrician?

A pediatrician is a medical doctor specializing in the health care of infants, children, and adolescents, focusing on their physical, emotional, and social health from birth through young adulthood.

Regular well-child visits are crucial for monitoring growth and development. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends:

  • Infants: Several visits during the first year (newborn, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months).
  • Toddlers: Visits at 12 months, 15 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 30 months.
  • Children aged 3 and older: Annual check-ups.

These visits help ensure timely vaccinations and address any developmental concerns.

Begin cleaning your baby’s gums with a wet cloth before teeth emerge. Once the first tooth appears, typically between 6-10 months, start using a soft-bristled toothbrush with a smear of fluoride toothpaste. Introduce regular dental visits by the child’s first birthday.

As infants grow, their sleep patterns evolve, leading to longer sleep stretches at night. If your baby is gaining weight appropriately and has no medical concerns, it's generally acceptable to let them sleep without nighttime feedings.

Milk intake varies by age:

  • Infants: Breastfeed on demand or provide formula as per pediatric guidance.
  • Toddlers (1-2 years): 16-24 ounces of whole milk daily.
  • Children over 2 years: 16-20 ounces of low-fat or skim milk daily.

Excessive milk consumption can reduce appetite for other essential nutrients.

Yes, taking time for self-care is essential for effective parenting. Engage in activities you enjoy, seek support from friends or family, and consider respite care if needed. Balancing personal well-being benefits both you and your children.

Yes, many pediatricians encourage prenatal visits. This meeting allows expectant parents to discuss newborn care, vaccination schedules, and any concerns, fostering a trusting relationship from the start.

What is a dermatologist and what conditions do they treat?

A dermatologist is a medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. They address issues such as skin cancers, moles, warts, fungal infections, psoriasis, acne, dry skin, contact dermatitis, and perform cosmetic procedures.

It’s advisable to have a full-body skin examination by a dermatologist annually, especially if you have risk factors for skin cancer. Regular self-examinations are also important to monitor for any new or changing skin lesions.

Consult a dermatologist promptly if you notice a growth or skin spot that rapidly changes in size, shape, or color, or bleeds easily. Sores that recur, don’t heal, or persist for more than a few weeks should also be evaluated.

Effective acne treatments often include products containing benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids. It's best to consult with a dermatologist to determine the most appropriate treatment for your specific skin type and acne severity.

Applying sunscreen daily is crucial. Dermatologists recommend using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30, even on cloudy days or when indoors near windows. Reapply every two hours when outdoors.

Pimples can lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), where the skin produces excess melanin in response to inflammation, resulting in dark spots. Sun exposure can exacerbate this condition.

During a dermatology visit, the dermatologist will examine your skin and inquire about your medical history. If necessary, they may perform or recommend tests to diagnose specific conditions.

What is neurosurgery?

Neurosurgery is the medical specialty focused on the surgical treatment of disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Neurosurgeons manage a variety of conditions, including:

  • Brain tumors (benign and malignant)
  • Stroke (hemorrhagic or ischemic)
  • Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, essential tremors
  • Traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
  • Aneurysms and vascular malformations
  • Spinal disorders such as degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, and spinal stenosis
  • Peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies

A neurosurgeon is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

If you experience symptoms such as chronic headaches, seizures, back or neck pain, numbness, or weakness that may indicate a neurological condition, your primary care physician may refer you to a neurosurgeon for further evaluation.

During your initial consultation, the neurosurgeon will review your medical history, perform a neurological examination, and may order diagnostic tests such as MRI or CT scans to assess your condition.

Minimally invasive neurosurgery involves performing surgical procedures through small incisions, using specialized instruments and techniques, resulting in less tissue damage, reduced pain, and faster recovery times compared to traditional surgery.

Preparation for neurosurgery involves discussing the procedure, risks, and benefits with your neurosurgeon, undergoing preoperative testing, and following specific instructions regarding medications, diet, and activity levels before surgery.

What conditions do urologists treat?

Urologists manage a variety of conditions, including:

  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
  • Kidney stones
  • Bladder control problems (incontinence)
  • Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Male infertility
  • Urologic cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate, testicular)

Urology is the medical and surgical specialty that is responsible for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of renal morphological diseases, those of the urinary system and retro-peritoneum that affect both men and women, as well as diseases of the male genital system, without age difference.

A urologist treats diseases and disorders of the male and female urinary tract such as bladder problems, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, blockage in kidney, prostate enlargement, interstitial cystitis, urological cancer.

On other hand, a nephrologist is a physician who treats complex diseases that affect the kidneys such as nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, and acute and chronic kidney failure.

You should consider consulting a urologist if you experience:

  • Blood in your urine
  • Frequent or urgent need to urinate
  • Pain in your lower back, pelvis, or sides
  • Pain or burning during urination
  • Trouble urinating
  • Urine leakage
  • Weak urine flow or dribbling
  • Decreased sexual desire
  • A lump in the testicle
  • Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection

Yes, urologists treat both men and women of all ages.

Urination frequency varies, but most healthy individuals urinate four to eight times a day.

Not all urological issues can be prevented, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle—such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and staying hydrated—can reduce the risk of certain conditions.

Many urological treatments are minimally invasive and aim to minimize discomfort. Your urologist will discuss potential pain and management strategies associated with specific procedures.

What is General Medicine?

General Medicine, also known as Internal Medicine, is a medical specialty focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of adult diseases. General physicians manage patients with complex, chronic, and multisystem disorders, providing comprehensive care. They address a broad spectrum of health concerns, from common illnesses to serious medical conditions requiring long-term management.

During the consultation, the general physician will:

  • Review your medical history and discuss current symptoms
  • Perform a physical examination
  • Order necessary diagnostic tests, such as blood work or imaging studies
  • Develop a treatment plan tailored to your condition
  • Provide advice on lifestyle modifications and preventive measures

General physicians often serve as the first point of contact for patients and coordinate care by:

  • Referring patients to appropriate specialists when specialized care is needed
  • Communicating with specialists to ensure continuity of care
  • Managing and integrating treatment plans from various healthcare providers
  • Monitoring progress and making necessary adjustments to treatments

To maintain good health and prevent diseases:

  • Engage in regular physical activity
  • Adopt a balanced and nutritious diet
  • Avoid tobacco use and limit alcohol consumption
  • Manage stress through relaxation techniques and hobbies
  • Get adequate sleep and rest
  • Stay up-to-date with vaccinations and health screenings

Implementing these habits can significantly reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases

You should consult a general physician for persistent symptoms like fever, cough, or fatigue, chronic conditions like diabetes or hypertension, breathing difficulties, digestive issues, or for preventive health check-ups. Early consultation helps in timely diagnosis and treatment.

Consider factors like experience, location, availability, insurance coverage, and recommendations from trusted sources to find a physician who meets your healthcare needs.

What is plastic surgery?

The term “Plastic Surgery” comes from the Greek word “plastikos,” meaning to shape or mold. This medical specialty is divided into two main branches: Reconstructive Procedures, which restore function and appearance, and Cosmetic Procedures, which enhance aesthetic appeal. Both are recognized as important sub-specialties within the field of plastic surgery.

Before undergoing elective plastic surgery, you will need a physical examination by your surgeon and anesthetist, along with blood tests and radiological investigations. These results are carefully reviewed to ensure you are in good health. With proper evaluation and precautions, complications from plastic surgery are rare.

Thanks to advancements in technology and minimally invasive techniques, recovery time has significantly reduced. Most procedures involve small, hidden incisions, allowing for a quicker healing process. Depending on the type of surgery and your job requirements, you can typically return to work within 1-2 weeks.

Choosing a well-trained, board-certified plastic surgeon is crucial for safe and successful results. Many self-proclaimed “cosmetic surgeons” lack formal plastic surgery training. In India, the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India (APSI) and the Indian Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (IAAPS) recognize qualified plastic and cosmetic surgeons, ensuring authenticity and expertise in the field.

Like any surgical procedure, plastic surgery carries some risks. Common complications may include bruising, swelling, discoloration, and, in some cases, the need for additional revision surgeries. It is important to discuss potential risks with your plastic surgeon to understand how they are managed and minimized for your specific procedure.

Also known as a tummy tuck, an abdominoplasty is a surgical procedure that tightens the abdominal muscles and removes excess skin and fat. It helps reshape the midsection, providing a firmer and more contoured abdominal appearance.

Liposuction, also called surgical lipectomy or lipoplasty, is a procedure that removes excess fat through small incisions using cannulas and advanced energy-assisted devices. Common treatment areas include the abdomen, hips, flanks, thighs, upper arms, double chin, chest, cheeks, neck, bra line, ankles, and lower buttocks. Liposuction enhances body contour by targeting stubborn fat deposits resistant to diet and exercise.

What is Pediatric Surgery?

Pediatric Surgery is a specialized branch of surgery focused on diagnosing and treating surgical conditions in infants, children, and adolescents. It includes procedures for congenital abnormalities, trauma, tumors, and other pediatric-specific surgical needs.

Children’s bodies are anatomically and physiologically different from adults, requiring specialized surgical techniques and post-operative care. Pediatric surgeons are trained to handle these differences, ensuring the safest and most effective treatment for young patients.

Pediatric surgeons treat a variety of conditions, including congenital defects like cleft lip, hernias, undescended testicles, gastrointestinal disorders, appendicitis, tumors, and birth abnormalities requiring surgical intervention.

Advancements in medical technology and specialized pediatric surgical techniques have made surgeries safer for children. A team of expert pediatric surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses ensures minimal risk and a smooth recovery.

Preparation depends on the type of surgery. Parents should follow the doctor’s instructions regarding fasting, medications, and emotional reassurance. Clear communication about the procedure in a child-friendly manner can help ease anxiety.

Recovery varies based on the procedure. Minor surgeries may require only a few days, while major surgeries could take weeks. Your doctor will provide specific post-operative care guidelines for optimal healing.

What is General Surgery?

General Surgery focuses on surgical treatments for a wide range of conditions affecting the abdomen, digestive tract, skin, soft tissues, and other organs. It includes procedures like hernia repair, gallbladder removal, appendectomy, and more.

You should see a general surgeon if you have persistent abdominal pain, unexplained lumps or swelling, digestive issues requiring surgical intervention, or conditions like hernias, gallstones, or appendicitis that need surgical treatment.

Like any surgery, general procedures carry risks such as infection, bleeding, scarring, and reactions to anesthesia. However, with skilled surgical techniques and post-operative care, complications are minimized.

Pre-surgical preparation includes medical evaluations, fasting before surgery, and stopping certain medications as advised by your doctor. Following your surgeon’s instructions ensures a safe procedure and smooth recovery.

Recovery time depends on the type of surgery and the individual’s overall health. Minor procedures may require a few days of rest, while major surgeries may take weeks. Post-operative care, diet, and follow-up visits play a crucial role in recovery.

What are Radiology Services?

Radiology involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, ultrasounds, and mammograms to diagnose and monitor medical conditions. These services help doctors accurately assess and plan treatments.

Radiology tests are recommended when diagnosing fractures, tumors, infections, internal bleeding, or organ abnormalities. They are also used for routine screenings, such as mammograms for breast cancer detection.

Most radiology tests, including ultrasounds and MRIs, are completely safe. X-rays and CT scans involve minimal radiation exposure, which is carefully controlled to ensure patient safety. Radiologists take necessary precautions, especially for pregnant women and children.

Preparation depends on the type of scan. Some tests require fasting, drinking contrast fluids, or avoiding metal objects. Your doctor will provide specific guidelines before the procedure.

Most imaging tests take between 15 minutes to an hour, depending on the type of scan. Some procedures, like MRIs, may take longer. Results are usually available within a few hours to a few days.

Radiology scans are generally painless. Some tests, like MRIs, require lying still for an extended period, while contrast-based scans may involve mild discomfort from injections. Any discomfort is minimal and temporary.

What is General Dentistry?

General dentistry focuses on diagnosing, preventing, and treating oral health issues. It includes routine check-ups, fillings, gum care, root canals, extractions, and preventive treatments like fluoride application and dental sealants.

It is recommended to visit a dentist every six months for a routine check-up and professional cleaning. Regular visits help detect issues early and prevent major dental problems.

Common procedures include fillings for cavities, scaling and polishing for gum health, root canal treatment for infected teeth, tooth extractions, dental implants, crowns and bridges, and orthodontic treatments like braces.

Brushing twice daily, flossing regularly, using mouthwash, avoiding sugary foods, and visiting the dentist for regular check-ups are essential for maintaining oral health.

Modern dental procedures are performed using advanced techniques and anesthesia, making them virtually painless. Mild discomfort may occur after certain treatments but is manageable with prescribed medications.

Dental implants are permanent tooth replacements surgically placed in the jawbone. They function and appear like natural teeth, providing durability and improved oral function.

What is ICU & Critical Care?

The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) provides specialized care for critically ill patients who require constant monitoring, advanced medical support, and life-saving treatments. It is equipped with ventilators, cardiac monitors, and advanced life-support systems.

Patients with severe infections, respiratory failure, cardiac emergencies, post-surgical complications, organ failure, or trauma are admitted to the ICU for continuous monitoring and critical interventions.

ICU care includes mechanical ventilation, dialysis, intravenous medications, advanced cardiac support, pain management, and continuous vital sign monitoring to stabilize critically ill patients.

Not all ICU patients require ventilators. Some may be conscious but need intensive monitoring and specialized care due to serious medical conditions.

The length of ICU stay depends on the severity of the condition. Some patients recover within a few days, while others with serious complications may need extended care.

ICU visitation policies vary based on hospital protocols and patient conditions. Limited, supervised visits are usually allowed to maintain patient safety and recovery.

What is Surgical Oncology?

Surgical oncology is a specialized branch of surgery focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and removal of cancerous tumors. It plays a crucial role in cancer management, often combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Surgery is recommended when cancerous tumors need to be removed for treatment, staging, or symptom relief. It is commonly performed for breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and soft tissue tumors.

Like any major surgery, cancer surgery carries risks such as bleeding, infection, pain, scarring, and potential complications related to anesthesia. However, advancements in surgical techniques have significantly improved safety.

Minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopy and robotic-assisted surgery involve smaller incisions, reducing pain, scarring, and recovery time while maintaining precision in tumor removal.

Recovery depends on the type and extent of surgery. Minimally invasive procedures may allow faster recovery, while major surgeries may require weeks of rest and post-operative care.

Surgery aims to remove cancer, but recurrence depends on the cancer type, stage, and response to additional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Regular follow-ups are essential for monitoring recovery.

What does an ENT specialist treat?

An ENT specialist (Otolaryngologist) treats conditions related to the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck. Common issues include ear infections, hearing loss, sinusitis, allergies, tonsillitis, voice disorders, and nasal congestion.

You should consult an ENT doctor if you experience persistent ear pain, hearing loss, chronic sinus issues, difficulty swallowing, sore throat lasting more than two weeks, dizziness, or breathing problems.

ENT specialists perform procedures such as earwax removal, tonsillectomy (removal of tonsils), septoplasty (correction of deviated nasal septum), sinus surgery, ear tube placement, and thyroid or voice box surgeries.

Frequent sinus infections can result from allergies, nasal polyps, deviated septum, or weakened immune function. Chronic sinusitis may require medical treatment or surgery to improve airflow and drainage

Hearing loss is diagnosed through audiometry tests and physical examination. Treatment options include medications, hearing aids, cochlear implants, or surgical procedures, depending on the severity and cause.

Prevent throat infections by staying hydrated, avoiding smoking, practicing good hygiene, limiting strain on your voice, and managing acid reflux. Frequent infections may require a tonsillectomy.

Vertigo can be caused by inner ear disorders like benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere’s disease, or infections. ENT specialists diagnose and treat these conditions with medications, therapy, or repositioning maneuvers.

Snoring occurs due to obstructed airflow during sleep and may be linked to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a serious condition that affects breathing. Persistent loud snoring, choking during sleep, or excessive daytime fatigue should be evaluated by an ENT specialist.

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